The debris flow evaluation results of flexible retaining structure impacted by solid-liquid two-phase debris flow are in an order of magnitude with the empirical formula results. The dynamic time-history curve of the coupling numerical analysis method for the flexible retaining structure is consistent with the results of the existing literature. The simulation results show that the coupled SPH-DEM-FEM numerical analysis method can visualise the impact of the solid-liquid two-phase debris flow on the flexible retaining structure, reproducing the impact, retaining, water-stone separation, climbing, silting, and deposition process of debris flow.

Meanwhile, the effectiveness of the coupling numerical simulation is verified. The numerical results are compared with those of the calculation formula of the peak impulsive force of the semiempirical debris flow.

In the present study, the process, impulse force, and dynamic response of a flexible retaining structure subjected to debris flow under different slopes were investigated, respectively. In order to explore the impulsive force and dynamic response of flexible retaining structure impacted by solid-liquid two-phase debris flow, a complex dynamic interaction model of particle-fluid-structure has been established by employing the SPH-DEM-FEM coupling numerical analysis method. © Texas Education Agency (TEA).Flexible retaining structure is demonstrated to be an effective measure for debris flow prevention in mountainous areas, which can effectively separate water and stone, reduce particle mass, and dissipate kinetic energy. We recommend using aĪuthors: Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs Use the information below to generate a citation. Then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, Then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, Changes were made to the original material, including updates to art, structure, and other content updates. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? This book uses theĪnd you must attribute Texas Education Agency (TEA). Deaths during car races decreased dramatically when the rigid frames of racing cars were replaced with parts that could crumple or collapse in the event of an accident. A longer collision time means the force on the occupants of the car will be less. Another advantage is that a car will crumple in a collision, especially in the event of a head-on collision. One advantage of plastics is their lighter weight, which results in better gas mileage. Similarly, a padded dashboard increases the time over which the force of impact acts, thereby reducing the force of impact.Ĭars today have many plastic components. This is another example of an inverse relationship. By rearranging the equation for impulse to solve for force F net = Δ p Δ t, F net = Δ p Δ t, you can see how increasing Δ t Δ t while Δ p Δ p stays the same will decrease F net.

But the force that brings the occupant to a stop will be much less if it acts over a larger time. The momentum change is the same for an occupant whether an airbag is deployed or not. The change in momentum is the difference between the final and initial values of momentum.įigure 8.2 Vehicles have safety features like airbags and seat belts installed.Īirbags allow the net force on the occupants in the car to act over a much longer time when there is a sudden stop. Newton actually stated his second law of motion in terms of momentum: The net external force equals the change in momentum of a system divided by the time over which it changes. Recall our study of Newton’s second law of motion ( F net = m a). Force influences momentum, and we can rearrange Newton’s second law of motion to show the relationship between force and momentum. Momentum is so important for understanding motion that it was called the quantity of motion by physicists such as Newton. Since mass is a scalar, when velocity is in a negative direction (i.e., opposite the direction of motion), the momentum will also be in a negative direction and when velocity is in a positive direction, momentum will likewise be in a positive direction. Momentum is a vector and has the same direction as velocity v. A large, fast-moving object has greater momentum than a smaller, slower object. Therefore, the greater an object’s mass or the greater its velocity, the greater its momentum. You can see from the equation that momentum is directly proportional to the object’s mass ( m) and velocity ( v).

Calculation average impulsive force